Fire in photovoltaic panels / photovoltaics

Photovoltaic installations have for years played a key role in the transformation of our energy system to a greener one. Their growing popularity not only contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also stimulates the development of a renewable energy economy. However, concerns have recently been raised about the safety associated with PV installations. The introduction of these technologies into our homes and businesses raises questions about the potential risk of fires. Does a photovoltaic panel fire pose a real risk? How can photovoltaic fires be prevented?

Photovoltaic fire – myth or real danger?

Many of us wonder whether photovoltaic installations really pose a fire risk or whether this is just a myth associated with the new technology. To understand this question, we need to take a closer look at the nature of this hazard.

It is worth emphasising first that photovoltaic panels themselves are not the direct cause of fires. They are designed and made of fire-resistant materials, which makes them safe. The process of converting solar energy into electricity is passive and does not generate excessive heat or other factors that could lead to a fire. Nevertheless, there is a risk of fire associated with faulty installation or negligent maintenance of the system. This is why it is so important that installation and regular servicing is carried out by qualified professionals who adhere to the highest safety requirements.

Causes of photovoltaic-related fires

One of the main causes of fires associated with PV installations is poor quality installation or improper selection of installation components. The installation of PV panels requires precision and care, as even minor errors can lead to serious consequences. Unscrewed connections, loose wires or inadequate safety features can lead to the installation overheating and, as a consequence, catching fire. It is therefore crucial to ensure that the installation is carried out by experienced fitters.

In addition to installation errors, fires can also be caused by external factors. Atmospheric conditions, such as intense sunlight, high temperatures or storms, can affect the safety of PV installations. In addition, mechanical damage, such as intense hailstorms, can also lead to system damage and a potential fire. Therefore, it is important to regularly check the condition of the installation and protect it against such factors.

Failure or lack of regular maintenance can also increase the risk of fire associated with PV installations. Failure to inspect and maintain can lead to an accumulation of minor faults or damage that can escalate to more serious problems, including fire. It is therefore important for investors to make regular appointments to inspect their PV systems.

Fire safety regulations

Investors are required to take the appropriate formal measures during and after installation. Depending on the power of the installation, these are:

1. Installation < 6.5 kW – For such systems, no fire safety agreement is required, however, safety rules remain important and should be observed by installation companies.
2. Installations 6.5 kW < … < 150 kW – It is necessary to agree the design with a fire expert regardless of the type of installation or location. Appropriate safeguards must be selected at the site visit and design stage, and the installation must be reported to the National Fire Service. The contractor is responsible for both the agreement with the expert and the notification to the fire brigade.
3. Installations > 150 kW – planning permission is required and the building design must include fire safety arrangements. In addition, the installed installation must be reported to the relevant authority of the State Fire Service.

How to minimise the risk of photovoltaic panels catching fire?

If a photovoltaic panel fire is a common occurrence, how can it be prevented? Optimal protection of a photovoltaic installation involves a number of measures, both on the DC and AC side. Adapting the right safeguards is key to ensuring not only the efficiency but, above all, the safety of the installation.

Let us first look at the direct current (DC) protection. At this stage, it is necessary to use overcurrent circuit breakers or fuses. Their role is to protect the conductors from overloads or short circuits. In addition, disconnectors can be used, which are components that allow the installation to be disconnected from the power source in the event of a fault or maintenance.

Surge arresters are another important aspect. Their function is to protect the photovoltaic panels and other equipment from the effects of sudden voltage surges in the electrical grid, which can occur due to lightning or other disturbances.

Power optimisers are also increasingly used. These are electronic devices that are connected directly to each panel and serve to optimise the module’s operation.
In the event of a power failure or inverter failure, they automatically reduce the voltage of the panels to a minimum value, which eliminates the risk of overload and ensures the safety of the installation. It is worth bearing in mind, however, that these solutions require additional financial outlay.

Safety measures on the alternating current (AC) side should not be forgotten either. Here, too, overcurrent circuit breakers and disconnectors are important, ensuring that the installation can be quickly disconnected from the mains in case of need. It is also important to have project documentation of the installation, which can be extremely helpful in the event of possible interventions or servicing.

Regular inspection and maintenance of the installation is also important. It is recommended that the first inspection is carried out after one year of use, and every three to four years thereafter. This is an important part of ensuring the safety of the system.

All these aspects lead to one conclusion – the choice of a reliable installation company is crucial. Nowadays, there are many reputable companies that specialise in photovoltaic installations and have the necessary qualifications, certificates and experience. By choosing such a company, investors can be sure that their installation will be carried out according to the highest safety standards.

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Summary

Photovoltaic installations are a key component of the energy transition towards a green system. Despite safety concerns, properly installed systems are safe. The most important part of ensuring safety is choosing a trusted installation company. Professional installers who adhere to the highest safety standards are a guarantee of the correct installation of PV systems. They thus minimise the risk of fire.

Sources:

https://flixenergy.pl/blog-725-czy-instalacje-pv-sa-bezpieczne-pod-wzgledem-pozarowym-

https://www.gov.pl/web/kppsp-olawa/panele-fotowoltaiczne–czy-bac-sie-pozaru

https://www.instalacjebudowlane.pl/11946-24-12423-pozar-paneli-fotowoltaicznych–przyczyny-skutki-zapobieganie.html

https://ozeus.pl/fotowoltaika-a-pozar-bezpieczenstwo-pozarowe-instalacji-pv/